Directions: Read the brief text, and, using complete sentences, respond to the given questions.
The weak and decentralized (separated) nature of feudal states provided an opportunity for the Roman Catholic Church to emerge as both a spiritual and political power in medieval society. When the pope crowned first Pepin and later Charlemagne he established an important and enduring precedent for papal political power in Europe.
While political power and the economy of Medieval Europe was highly decentralized, the spiritual unity of the continent remained quite centralized (unified). The popes in Rome maintained this unity through a hierarchy of clergy that included cardinals, bishops, abbots, and parish priests. The authority of the clergy over the royalty, nobility and common people was reinforced by several factors:
- First, medieval Catholicism taught that only the clergy could interpret the scripture. Bibles were written in Latin and normally only clergy were educated enough to read it.
- Clergy were the sole (only) holds of the power administer sacraments Catholics believed they needed to get into heaven
- Third, the church enforced a law code (canon law), on all believers. Canon law regulated the behavior of all church members and was enforced by a network of courts that had the authority to arrest and punish violators.
- The most powerful tool of the church in maintaining its power was the threat and use of excommunication and interdict, kicking people out of the church meaning they could never reach heaven, per their beliefs.
Questions:
1) What were the conditions of medieval Europe during feudalism that allowed the Catholic church to gain political power?
2) What kings did the Roman Catholic church first crown to start their political influence?
3) Clergy (church leaders) were the only ones who were allowed to read and interpret the
Bible. Why was this harmful to society?
4) What was canon law and how did it give clergy power over the people and kings?
5) What was the most powerful tool the Church had to maintain power over political
leaders?

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explanation:

the american entry into world war i came in april 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by president woodrow wilson to keep the united states out of the war.

apart from an anglophile element urging early support for the british, american public opinion reflected that of the president: the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among irish americans, german americans, and scandinavian americans, as well as among church leaders and among women in general. on the other hand, even before world war i had broken out, american opinion had been more negative toward germany than toward any other country in europe. over time, especially after reports of atrocities in belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner rms lusitania in 1915, american citizens increasingly came to see germany as the aggressor in europe.

wilson, as president, made virtually all the key decisions over foreign policy. while the country was at peace american banks made huge loans to britain and france, which were used mainly to buy munitions, raw materials, and food from across the atlantic. until 1917, wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the united states army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. he did, however, expand the united states navy.

in 1917, with russia experiencing political upheaval, and with britain and france low on credit, germany appeared to have the upper hand in europe, while the ottoman empire, germany's ally, held on to its territory in modern-day iraq, syria and israel. at this point germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare. its goal was to starve britain into surrender, although it realized that this would almost certainly bring the united states into the war. germany also made a secret offer to mexico regain territories lost in the mexican–american war in an encoded telegram known as the zimmerman telegram, which was intercepted by british intelligence. publication of that communique outraged americans just as german u-boats started sinking american merchant ships in the north atlantic. wilson then asked congress for "a war to end all wars" that would "make the world safe for democracy", and congress voted to declare war on germany on april 6, 1917.

on december 7, 1917, the u.s. declared war on austria-hungary.

u.s. troops began arriving on the western front in large numbers in 1918.

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to force terrorists groups to stop attacking western targets using massive military force.

paul willis (born 1950) is a british social scientist known for his work in sociology and cultural studies. paul willis' work is widely read in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and education, his work emphasizing consumer culture, socialization, music, and popular culture. he was born in wolverhampton[1] and received his education at the university of cambridge and at the university of birmingham. he worked at centre for contemporary cultural studies and subsequently at the university of wolverhampton. he was a professor of social/cultural ethnography at keele university. in the autumn of 2010, he left keele university and is now a professor at princeton university.

paul willis’s work has focused mainly, but not exclusively, on the ethnographic study of lived cultural forms in a wide variety of contexts. from highly structured to weakly structured ones, willis examines how practices of `informal cultural production` to produce and construct cultural worlds `from below`.[2]

trained in literary criticism at cambridge,[2] paul willis received his phd in 1972 from the centre for contemporary cultural studies at birmingham university where he remained as senior research fellow until 1981. he gave a paper at the 9th symposium of the natiohnal deviancy conference in january 1972 entitled 'a motor-bike subculture

during the 1980`s willis served as youth policy adviser to wolverhampton borough council in the english midlands. there he produced the youth review (published by the council and ashgate) which formed the basis for youth policy and for the formation of the democratically elected youth council, both still functioning. during the 1990s he served first as head of the division of media, communications and cultural studies, and then as a member of the professoriate at the university of wolverhampton. in 2000 willis co-founded the sage journal, ethnography. in 2003 willis was hired as a head professor of social and cultural ethnography at keele university.