In the first half of the 20th century, literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses were passed by the southern states in order
deny suffrage to women.
end the Reconstruction Era
deny suffrage to African Americans.
GE
help pay for the growing New Deal programs.

C. Technically, you couldn't stop people from voting based on their race, but at the time, you could put restrictions on voting. Most white men were educated, and those who weren't could read basic, common words. Black men, historically couldn't read, so literacy tests were an attempt to make it so that black people couldn't vote. Poll taxes were the same way, the white men could afford to pay the poll tax, but the black men couldn't due to their mostly low paying jobs. Lastly, if a white man couldn't read, or couldn't afford to pay the tax, they shouldn't have been allowed to vote, so in order to make it so that they  could vote a "grandfather clause" was instated. This made it so that if your father had voted, you could vote. This meant that any white man could vote.

all of the following apply except for (a. excessive credit on real estate resulting in defaulted loans.

in 1819, panic swept the country due,in part, to the rapid expansion of american manufacturing during the war of 1812 and the distress caused by the post-war british competition. the rapid expansion of american farming was another factor.

explanation:

c or d both can be the answer