The map shows the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.

A map of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. A key shows the Roman Republic, 44 B C E in purple, the Roman Empires, 117 C E in green and Modern borders with black lines. Purple shaded areas include the coast along central north Africa, most of Spain and Portugal, France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, the coast land from Italy southeast to the Aegean Sea, parts of Turkey. Green shaded areas include: northern Spain, England, central European countries east of Italy, the rest of Turkey and eastward, the east and west coast of North Africa.

In which directions did the Roman Empire mainly expand within Europe?