The widespread idea in the nineteenth century that it was okay to discriminate against nonwhite people (Italian, Irish, Jewish, and African) because they were biologically different, and not fully human, was called:

civil disobedience, refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of opposition

the supreme head of the church of england was a title created in 1531 for king henry viii of england, who was responsible for the foundation of the english protestant church that broke away from the authority of the roman catholic church after pope paul iii excommunicated henry in 1533 over his divorce from catherine

temperance movement

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