The presence of a general is necessary: he is the head, he
is the all in all of an army. It was not the Roman army
conquered Gaul, but Caesar; it was not the Carthaginians
made the armies of the Republic tremble at the very gates
of Rome, but Hannibal; it was not the Macedonian army
marched to the Indus, but Alexander.
According to Napoleon, who deserved the credit for
France's successful conquest of Europe?
the Roman army
Alexander and Hannibal
o the French Army
Napoleon

whats youre

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.