an international design firm, was founded in Chicago by a group of partners including Ralph Eckerstrom, James K. Fogleman, and Massimo Vignelli. The firm rejected individualistic design, believing that design could be a system: a basic structure set up so that other people could implement it effectively. The basic tool for this effort was the grid, which standardized all graphic communications for dozens of large clients, including Alcoa, Ford Motor Company, JCPenney, Memorex, Panasonic, Steelcase, and Xerox. Helvetica was the preferred typeface for all their visual identity systems, as it was considered the most legible type family. Objectivity was the firm s goal, and it spread a generic conformity across the face of multinational corporate communications. The design programs that it created were rational and so rigorously systemized that they became virtually foolproof as long as the standards were maintained.

Unimark

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Unimark is an international design firm, was founded in Chicago in 1965 by a group of partners including Ralph Eckerstrom, James K. Fogleman, Massimo Vignelli, Bob Noorda, Wally Gutches, and Larry Klein.

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the progressive era is a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the united states that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s.[1] the main objectives of the progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.

the movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. by taking down these corrupt representatives in office, a further means of direct democracy would be established. they also sought regulation of monopolies (trust busting) and corporations through antitrust laws, which were seen as a way to promote equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors.

many progressives supported prohibition of alcoholic beverages, ostensibly to destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons, but others out of a religious motivation. at the same time, women's suffrage was promoted to bring a "purer" female vote into the arena.a third theme was building an efficiency movement in every sector that could identify old ways that needed modernizing, and bring to bear scientific, medical and engineering solutions; a key part of the efficiency movement was scientific management, or "taylorism".

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