According to Laozi, in an ideal society,

children would respect their parents
people would worship their ancestors
government would have a strong military and a clear set of written rules
people would protect the life-force in themselves and others

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

for this case we have the following equation:

we apply distributive property to the terms within parentheses.

subtracting 2 on both sides of the equation:

answer; andrew jackson approved nullification by signing it into law,and john calhoun opposed it saying it was unconstitutional;