How did Caliph Mu'awiyah's act of making the caliphate hereditary during the Ummayad dynasty ultimately lead to the splitting of Islam into two groups

Caliph Muawiyah belonged to that family / sub-tribe, which lost many of its members in battle with the prophet Muhammad and Ali. Their Meccane relatives were the most prominent pagans who converted to Islam at the last moment to save their lives.

They had a deep hatred for anything and everything, which was related to Mohammed and Ali.

Muawiyah chose the chosen system of the Caliphate in the nominated Kingdom system.

They introduced ancient laws based on the Hammurabi code such as Sharia.

They left out all the Islamic religious scholars in power.

They systematically removed all the signs and memories of Muhammad, including his biography.

Family members of Mohammed and Ali were executed to erase Mohammed's bloodline. This was done to eliminate any possible challenge to his supremacy.

He spread many fabricated stories about Mohammed's life and personal affairs, which became so widespread that many were included in hadiths later.

They reintroduced many ancient pagan Arab practices into Islam.

It was only after the installation of the Abbassid Caliphate (some 200 years after Mohammed's death) that Mohammed's authorized biography and his sayings (Haddiths) were able to compile again, but at the time it was difficult to overcome the rumors of the facts.

Explanation:

This vengeful hatred of the Mohammed family resulted in Muslim society being divided into loyalty from the Mohammed family (Shiites - followers of Ali) and others (Sunnis).

option b, all states follow similar rules and legal process is the right answer.

the 14th amendment in the constitution of america was enacted in july 1868, which include the citizenship, due process, and the equal protection under the law. this amendment was a response to the issues related to former slaves following the american civil war.

the citizenship clause granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the u.s,.   due process of clause asserted that states may not deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law and the equal protection clause declared that a state may not deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. the above mentioned excerpt from the constitution of the united states, ensures the citizenship,due process, and equal protection under the law.

the lachish letters were written by hoshaiah, a military officer stationed possibly in mareshah,   and sent to yaush, possibly the commanding officer at lachish.

the series of letters were written in carbon ink in ancient hebrew on clay ostraca, shortly before lachish fell to the babylonian army of king nebuchadnezzar in 588/6 bc during the reign of zedekiah, king of judah.