What does W. E.B. Dubois mean when he says that the Black Codes were an attempt "on the part of southern states to make negroes slaves in everything but name?"

He means that the slave owners didn't want to acknowledge slaces as people , but thery did have a name, the Black laws were ment to govern the conduct of African Americans.

Explanation:

congress failed to remove johnson. but it did succeed in getting control of efforts to re-build the south following america's civil war. radical republicans wanted to punish the south for starting the war. they also wanted to be sure new governments in the southern states would support the republican party.

i think they would live in caves or natural tunnels