ISSR
How does this passage show totalitarianism in the
Soviet Union? Check all that apply.
rict Communist
talin's rule.
ibute to Comrade
ne stood up
plause, rising to an
ates, five It was
ose who really
are to be the first to
cecret police] were in
see who quit first! ..
Some people refused to applaud.
The Communist Party was one of many political
parties in the USSR.
People were afraid to be the first to stop clapping,
The Soviet government used fear and terror to
control its citizens.
The government allowed people to have freedom of
speech and assembly,
The
ctor of the paper
1, oh, a miracle took
ead and sat down
or was arrested. They
camp) on him on the

to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.

a hypothesis is an expected answer to a question, usually based on some theory or prior research. hypothesis testing is a method of determining the viability of a hypothesis. let’s use the us presidential election as an example. there are many hypotheses (questions) about how people feel or whom they will vote for. the only way to know the 100% “truth” about the answers to these questions is to ask every single possible voter – something that is impossible, expensive, time consuming etc. instead, we take samples and use statistics to make “best guesses” about the answer to a particular hypothesis. we never know for sure if our conclusion is right at the time we accept/reject it, but these techniques, when used appropriately can get us close to the truth most of the time (which is a lot better than guessing, flipping coins or throwing darts to get answers).

the tricky part about hypothesis testing is that we have to think somewhat backwards about it – we have to test what is known as the “null hypothesis”. as an example, the hypothesis might be “obama is more popular than romney” while the null hypothesis is “there is no difference in popularity between obama and romney”. we focus on the null hypothesis because it tells us exactly what the expected value of our tests should be (obama popularity = romney popularity) and we can collect data and see if it comes out that way (see next section on “significance”). if it does, then we “accept the null hypothesis” and reject our original hypothesis. if the null hypothesis is disproven, we look at the data to see if our original hypothesis holds (obama> romney).