The virginia and kentucky resolutions were a response to

In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and were authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.

Explanation:

These resolutions were passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia.

They stated that Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional. They declared that states had the rights to declare laws passed by congress to be unconstitutional.

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions(or Resolves) were important political statements in favor of states' rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson (who would later become president) and James Madison in 1798. They were passed by the two states in opposition to the federal Alien and Sedition Acts.

answer; the period of time known as the middle ages;

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all the other answers are wrong