Excommunication interdict and the inquisition were

a.) means by witch lords forced vassals to follow the feudal contract

b.) policies followed by monarchs to increase their power

c.) techniques used by merchants to increase their profits

d.) methods used by the catholic church to enforce religious discipline and fight heresy

During the seventeenth century a. the english monarchy was temporarily replaced by a new government called the commonwealth. b. the english enjoyed an unprecedented period of economic and political security. c. the english government was seized by the puritans, who instituted a strict oligarchy. d. the english united with spain and holland to battle france for supremacy in the new world.