This is a portion of the Earths surface that may be far from tectonic plate boundaries, yet experiences volcanism due to a rising mantle plume or some other cause

Hot spot is a portion of the Earth's surface that may be far from tectonic plate boundaries yet experiences volcanism due to a rising mantle plume or some other cause.

Explanation:

Volcanism refers to intrusion of magma into the earth's crust and extrusion of magma into the earth's surface. It mainly takes place when two plates collide with each other in the destructive plate boundary but sometimes without plate tectonic activity volcanism occurs due to a rising mantle plume in the hot spot.

Hot spot is a place in the earth's surface from where lava comes out from astheonosphere, the upper part of mantle. In excessive temperature in the earth's interior several block of earth's crust melts there and forms volcanism. For e.g. Hawaii, Iceland volcano.

answer; /// i believe that the correct answer is (d)the huang he river valley;

hi the answer to your question is

to control offices

this sparked alotof controversy more over ending the articles of federation