Why were Britain and France ""joyless victors"" after World War I? What problems did each have in the aftermath of the war? How did World War I change British politics? How did Ireland win its independence?

The Allied powers suffered much in order to achieve cictory, their economies beingexhausted and social structure shaken, specially after the triumph of the Russian Revolution in 1917. In the aftermath, Britain and France essentially had little to cheer for, and would begin the gradual process of ceding power to the United States. First and foremost, both European powers would abandon Latin America to be entirely in the American sphere of influence, and start having discussions around the factibility of maintaining their colonial empires, an example of that being the so called "mandates" in Syria, Palestine, Irak and the former German African colonies.

Specifically, France got out of the war with harsh divisions between political parties and the emergence of communism, and economically with the task of rebuilding the northern areas subjected to German occupation and the trench war. It also deal with growing unrest in the colonies and mandates, having to put end to a rebellion in Syria after its occupation in 1920.

Britain, although less directly touched by the war saw a significant economic change. It was the start of the end of Britain as the motor of world economy, and during the postwar the US would gradually take many of Britain's manufacturing roles. It also marked the strenghtening of independence movements in India, and less so in the other British possesions in Africa and Asia (Egypt being a particular nest of antiBritish sentiment).

British politics saw the consolidation of the Labour party as the opposition to Tories, and in a way to Liberals. The Russian Revolution saw many Labour leades definetly leaning towards socialdemocracy, but in the Clause 4 of 1918, the party still view the goal of common ownership as central of its demands, and with the labor movement centered around the trade unions as its main partner. Additionally, the war began the consolidation of the primitive welfare state that would later be strengtened after WWII.

War exhaustion, as well as the 14 Points declared by Wilson in Versailles, favored the cause of Irish independence. British government finally decided to acknowledged this, entered in a ceasefire with the IRA and finally brokeraged the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, that resulted in the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, although a clause in the treaty allowed the Protestant population in Ulster, which was majoritarian, to pleed to the King to stay in the Union, and Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom. This would lead to the Irish Civil War between 1922-1927, and later to "The Troubles" in the 1970's.

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