How were the economic effects of England’s constitutional monarchy different from those of the absolute monarchies of spain and france

England was able to extract more wealth from its New World colonies than Spain and France did from theirs.

yellow fever and other tropical diseases

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".