An Islamic city that became a great cultural and scientific center in which mosques, schools, libraries, and even universities were established and cohorts of scholars emerged from it. Which is it?

It was Timbuktu.

Explanation:

there are two main types of historical sources: primary sources and secondary sources. a primary source is something that originates from the past. it can be a chronicle, a piece of pottery, or even a piece of glacial ice that gives us climate data about the levels of atmospheric carbon one thousand years ago.

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.