How did national boundaries in Europe change due to the Treaty of Versailles?

Many new nations came into existence by carving out of the older powers.

Explanation:

The German, Ottoman and the Austro-Hungarian empire were affected the most after the Treaty of Versailles as they were broken up into small nations that asserted their own national identity instead of following the empire.

Turkey came into existence from the Ottoman empire. Austria and Hungary became separate countries and the empire lost half of its landmass.

The German and the empire's borders shrunk much more than their previous territorial gains and many parts of strategic importance were given over to the winning powers.

nothing certain is known about what happened, but it seems that the country declined gradually, perhaps due to bad government, or, more likely, due to a series of bad harvests, which resulted in widespread and recurrent famine.

i believe the answer is d.