Explain two forces that led to African American suffrage and public service despite Southern resistance.

The lack of the right to vote, and as the lack of being able to own land.

Explanation:

Even with the 13th Amendment, African Americans had no equal rights compared to white people, especially in the South. There are several reasons for this refuse, but mainly because of the Civil War and the traditional point of view about African Americans, reinforced by stereotypes and discriminatory laws. The main leaders didn't believe (or accepted) that the African Americans could vote and chose their leaders because they didn't understand the process. As well as the lack of being able to own land. This point was related to the fear of white people to give autonomy to the black people.

i would say your answer would be the second option.

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