What changes occurred in ninth century B. C.E. that contributed to the rise of the polis?

The polis emerged from the Dark ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece. A polis consisted of an urban center, often fortified and with a sacred centre built on a natural acropolis or harbor, which controlled a surrounding territory of land. The polis emerged from the dark ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece and by the ninth century BCE a significant process of urbanization had begun.

when people started to question traditional christian beliefs, they became criminals in the eyes of the church: they were accused of heresy and then, executed. the church held unbelievable power and anyone who tried to defy it or its beliefs, was demonized and persecuted.

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a stronger central government  

its what they are