When the london metropolitan police force was established in 1829, the british public was at first suspicious and at times even hostile towards it ) king edward ii had supported its creationb) rowan and mayne had intimate ties to the royal familyc) social reformers such as jeremy bentham had long argued that it was a danger to personal libertyd) french citizens had experienced oppression under centralized police

The intolerable acts were punitive laws passed by the british parliament in 1774 after the boston tea party. the laws were meant to punish the massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the tea party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the british to the detriment of colonial goods. in great britain, these laws were referred to as the coercive acts.

the acts took away self-governance and historic rights of massachusetts, triggering outrage and resistance in the thirteen colonies. they were key developments in the outbreak of the american revolutionary war in april 1775.

four of the acts were issued in direct response to the boston tea party of december 16, 1773. the british parliament hoped these punitive measures would, by making an example of massachusetts, reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the 1764 sugar act. a fifth act, the quebec act, enlarged the boundaries of what was then the province of quebec notably sw into the ohio country and other future mid-western states, and instituted reforms generally favorable to the french catholic inhabitants of the region. although unrelated to the other four acts, it was passed in the same legislative session and seen by the colonists as one of the intolerable acts. the patriots viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of the rights of massachusetts, and in september 1774 they organized the first continental congress to coordinate a protest. as tensions escalated, the american revolutionary war broke out in april 1775, leading in july 1776 to the declaration of an independent united states of america.

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