“as for the rich, they kept apart in their handsome houses and—when they wished to escape the heat and dust of rome—in villas at such pleasant retreats as herculaneum and pompeii. these villas were estates of superb style and comfort, as can be seen in a letter from the orator marcus tullius cicero to his brother, who was traveling in gaul. ‘all’s right on your estate,’ cicero wrote. ‘nothing left to do but the baths and a promenade and the aviary. the paved colonnade gives dignity. the columns have been polished and the handsome curve of the ceiling will make it an excellent summer room. . your landscape gardener has won my praise; he has enveloped everything in ivy—even the greek statues seem advertising it. it’s the coolest, greenest retreat. statues, wrestling ground, fish pond, water system—all are fine.’”
—cicero’s letter to his brother,
as quoted in empires: time frame 400 b. c.–a. d.200

from this passage you

this year in rap and hip hop radio

- "a new era of american politics began with jackson's election in 1828, but it also completed a grand social experiment begun by the american revolution. nevertheless, jacksonian democracy represented a provocative blending of the best and worst qualities of american society."

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a.  

women in ancient egypt had many legal rights, including the right to own property and businesses.

the years following the end of world war i were a period of deep social tensions, aggrevated by high wartime inflation. food prices more than doubled between 1915 and 1920; clothing costs more than tripled. a steel strike that began in chicago in 1919 became much more than a simple dispute between labor and management. the steel strike of 1919 became the focal point for profound social anxieties, especially fears of bolshevism.

organized labor had grown in strength during the course of the war. many unions won recognition and the 12-hour workday was abolished. an 8-hour days was instituted on war contract work and by 1919, half the country's workers had a 48-hour work week.

the war's end, however, was accompanied by labor turmoil, as labor demanded union recognition, shorter hours, and raises exceeding the inflation rate. over 4 million workers--one fifth of the nation's workforce--participated in strikes in 1919, including 365,000 steelworkers and 400,000 miners. the number of striking workers would not be matched until the depression year of 1937.

the year began with a general strike in seattle. police offers in boston went on strike, touching off several days of rioting and crime. but the most tumultuous strike took place in the steel industry. then some 350,000 steelworkers in 24 separate craft union went on strike as part of a drive by the american federation of labor to unionize the industry. from management's perspective, the steel strike represented the handiwork of radicals and professional labor agitators. the steel industry's leaders regarded the strike as a radical conspiracy to get the company to pay a 12-hour wage for eight hours' work. at a time when communists were seizing power in hungary and were staging a revolt in germany, and workers in italy were seizing factories, some industrialists feared that the steel strike was the first step toward overturning the industrial system.

the strike ended with the complete defeat of the unions. from labor's perspective, the corporations had triumphed through espionage, blacklists, and the denial of freedom of speech and assembly and through the complete unwillingness to recognize the right of collective bargaining with the workers' representatives.

during the 1920s, many of labor's gains during world war i and the progressive era were rolled back. membership in labor unions fell from 5 million to 3 million. the us supreme court outlawed picketing, overturned national child labor laws, and abolished minimum wage laws for women.