Explain how industrialization spread to and its impact on the following locations:
a. france and germany
b. united states
c. russia
d. japan

The initial accumulation of capital and the formation of manufactory industry represented the original stage in the formation of capitalist relations. This was the period during which prerequisites were prepared for the transition to an industrial economy. The condition for this transition was an industrial revolution, during which there was a radical restructuring of the technical base of production, the forms of organization of production and, on this basis, the entire system of socio-economic relations. The process began in England in the 1740-1780s and only then spreaded to other countries in Europe and the United States.

In France, the dynamics of industrial development turned out to be non-linear: after the initial take-off from the 1860s to the end of the century, a noticeable slowdown was recorded, which was overcome only with the onset of the 20th century. When describing the processes taking place in Germany, the later start is usually explained by the fragmentation of the country, but at the same time it is noted that Germany was rich in natural resources, had capital and had such an education system that made it possible to quickly and practically from scratch prepare many qualified personnel and achieve superiority in new industries: electrical and especially chemical ones. In the United States, axs historians note that, on the one hand, the industrial revolution was based on overseas technology and capital, and on the other hand, initially it affected only a relatively small part of the country - the northeast, in particular New England.

The industrial revolution in Russia began in textile production according to the classic English model. Cotton industry was developing at a faster pace than others.

Explanation:

b) a state law could be declared illegal if it contradicted the constitution.

explanation:

the conflict of this case originated when james w. mcculloch, a cashier of the baltimore branch of the second bank of the united states that the congress had chartered in 1816, refused to pay a tax imposed by the maryland state.

in the case, the state of maryland appealed that the establishment of a second bank was unconstitutional since the constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to congress. however, the case determined that even if such right wasn't specifically stated in the constitution, it was part of the "implied powers" of the government enunciated in article i, section 8.

the case also eliminated maryland's legislation to impose taxes to a national bank, asserting that even though the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution's laws are supreme and can not be controlled by the states, therefore, if a state law contradicts the constitution, it should be declared illegal.

explanation:

athena gives perseus a mirror sp he won't directly look back at her.