Acommonality among the governments of the kingdoms of ghana, mali, and songhai is that they all
a. divided their empire into provinces
b. were ruled by the merchant class
c. fell due to european conquests
d. were islamic

The correct answer is a. divided their empire into provinces.

Explanation:

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Although commercial activity through the Sahara desert was very important for the three kingdoms, they were ruled by the aristocratic class.

In the course of history, the three empires succeeded each other. First, Ghana's empire was defeated by Mali. Then, Mali was dominated by Songhai. Finally, a Moroccan army overthrew Songhai empire.

Last but not least, only Mali and Songhai were Islamic empires.

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c.) the country needed a stronger central government.

propriety is the answer. hope this !

explanation: