As europe emerged from its dark period in the late middle ages, the islamic world experiences it’s own dark period. what was the principle cause of the islamic worlds hardships?

Invasion from the Mongol tribe was the main reason of Islamic worlds hardships.

Explanation:

The main reason for the hardships faced by the Islamic world was Mongols. They had invaded Islamic territories several times, under the rule of Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire was like an association or union of several nomadic tribes in Mongol homeland. The attacks on the Islamic countries were terrible and caused a lot of chaos which brought an end to Golden age of Islam. They destroyed cistern and irrigation networks which was helpful in making the region fertile. Thus, it brought hardships and poverty for Islamic countries.

answer; /// i do believe that the correct answer is (a); a farming tribe that settled primarily along the mississippi and arkansas rivers;

b) he seized power from the directory and appointed himself emperor

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