With reference to ibn khaldum articulate the main philosophical and methodological tendencies in historical writting during the ancient arab world

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

a case involving the laws of a single state.

industrial revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing