According to gibbons v. ogden, a state

According to Gibbons v. Ogden, a state can not interfere with the power of congress to regulate commerce.

Explanation:

The case of Gibbons and the Ogden was presented in the Supreme Court in the United States of America. It was in the year 1824 and was one of the most important cases of that time.

According to this case, a principle was established and it established a legislative enactment. According to this, a state could not interfere in the power of the congress and the power that was talked about in this principle was about interfering with the regulation of the commerce. It was only in the hand of the congress and not with the states.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts