It was under the authority of the caliph from muhammad's death in 632 until the abolition of the caliphate by mustafa kemal atatürk in 1924. since then no central international authority has existed, and many countries have a grand mufti or other official who holds the highest religious authority there.

Lloyd’s of london was one of the first institutions to offer insurance to merchants and joint-trade companies. a major part of the insurance system involved people who agreed to take responsibility for the insured losses in return for a fee. what were these risk-takers known as? a. joint-stock companies b. investors c. underwriters d. merchants e. capitalists

What artifact did modern scholars study to them understand hieroglyphics

Between 1870 and 1916, approximately how many immigrants came to the united states? 10 million 25 million 75 million 125 million