In 1912, the imperial system that had ruled over china for thousands of years completely collapsed. it was replaced with a republic and, later, a communist state. this is an example of which of the following ideas?

The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of Imperial rule. The Qing dynasty, (also known as the Manchu dynasty), ruled from 1644–1912. The Republic had experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding with including being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers