How did the battles of saratoga mark a turning point in the war?

The Battles of Saratoga mark a turning point because there was a major victory for the Americans. They were able to secure New England from being cut off.

The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .