Explain the rise of islamic fundamentalism and pan arabism. how do they differ as philosophies? which vision appears to have the upper hand in today’s arab world? is there any moslem middle eastern country in which, until recently, parliamentary democracy and separation of church and state were observed?

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.

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explanation: