"juárez defeats french troops in mexico"
"bolívar leads revolutions in south america"
"san martin liberates argentina"
these newspaper headlines refer to the emergence
of
was it referred to colonialism, nationalism, marxism or mercantilism

all that refers to the emergence nationalism in Latin America (Mexico, Hispanic America following "Bolivarism", Argentina in early 19th century).

Explanation: All these movements were inspired by the French revolution, by its principles and ideas (i.e. ideas of Enlightenment). All of them fought against all forms of colonialism (French and Spanish in these cases) and monarchy (in the Mexican case where French troops were supposed to establish monarchy of Maximilian Habsburg - in 1860s - , brother of Austrian emperor Franz Joseph). Mexican monarchy existed only few years.

b, the anti immigrant fervor

she will pay the extra amount