Examine the factors that prompted the rise of political movements in anglophone africa by 1960

Awareness, especially in the post-war period, of the need for national independence by the peoples of South Africa, was reflected in the ideas of Pan-Africanism (Fifth Pan-African Congress of 1945 and its call for the independence of African peoples).

For most countries in Africa, the postwar years have become the time of the creation of political parties. They appeared in Africa before, but often by their nature were more like discussion circles and did not have close ties with the masses. Parties and organizations that arose at the end of World War II, and especially after its end, were, as a rule, already different. They were very different from each other - this reflected the diversity of tropical Africa itself and the differences in the levels of development of its peoples. However, among these parties and organizations, there were very close-knit and quite durable ones, closely associated with practical anti-colonial activities. They established ties with the workers and peasants’ movement, gradually expanded their social base and acquired the features of national fronts, although sometimes on a mono-ethnic basis. Party tactics have also changed. They began to appeal directly to the masses. Rallies, disobedience campaigns, and broad boycotts of foreign goods were held.

From the late 1940s to the early 1950s, mass demonstrations turning into bloody clashes with the police became a characteristic feature of the time. Armed actions took place in 1947 in Madagascar and in 1949 on the Ivory Coast. In the 1950s, the armed anti-colonial struggle of the peoples of Kenya and Cameroon unfolded. The second half of the 1950s was a time of struggle for the overthrow of colonial regimes.

1948 - the Nationalist Party (the white minority party) came to power in South Africa and began to pursue a policy of apartheid.

1950 - in accordance with the policy of apartheid, a number of laws were passed:

Natives Resettlement Act (led to the eviction of Africans from large cities),

The Law on the Registration of the Population (obliging one to always carry an identity card indicating the ethnic group), the The Suppression of Communism Act.

1959 - The law on the development of Bantu self-government was adopted. According to this law, it was assumed that different races and ethnic groups should live separately.

In the minds of Africans, the concept of "colonialism" was associated with the rule of Europe. Therefore, the anti-colonial struggle often resulted in the denial of everything European.

By 1960, which is rightly considered the "Year of Africa," many African peoples freed themselves from the colonial dependence of European powers.

Explanation:

the berlin blockade was an international crisis that arose from an attempt by the soviet union, in 1948–49, to force the western allied powers (the united states, the united kingdom, and france) to abandon their post-world war ii jurisdictions in west berlin. in march 1948 the allied powers decided to unite their different occupation zones of germany into a single economic unit. in protest, the soviet representative withdrew from the allied control council. coincident with the introduction of a new deutsche mark in west berlin (as throughout west germany), which the soviets regarded as a violation of agreements with the allies, the soviet occupation forces in eastern germany began a blockade of all rail, road, and water communications between berlin and the west. on june 24 the soviets announced that the four-power administration of berlin had ceased and that the allies no longer had any rights there.

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