all of the following were roles assigned to the caliph except : a. to act as the spiritual leader of islam. b. to lead muslims in weekly worship. c. to govern according to the qur’an. d. to govern according to the teachings of muhammad

D

Explanation:

yes

explanation:

the fighting words doctrine, in united states constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the united states constitution. in 1942, the u.s. supreme court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in chaplinsky v. new hampshire.

a stronger government