Some scholars believe societies, before they can have true civilization, must develop

   Cities

Explanation:  In order to develop a civilization with all its characteristics that are its integral and important parts, they must develop cities. Cities are what distinguished civilizations from pre-civilization times. Cities were places of social life, schools, commerce, markets, political events, social changes, places where artistic events took place, that is, all the characteristics of civilization were happening in cities.

the captain of a steam ship naturally chooses the shortest route to his destination. since a sailing ship is usually pushed by winds and currents, its captain must find a route where the wind will probably blow in the right direction. tacking, i.e. using contrary wind to pull (sic) the sails, was always possible but wasted time because of the zigzagging required, and this would significantly delay long voyages. the early european explorers were not only looking for new lands. they also had to discover the pattern of winds and currents that would carry them where they wanted to go. during the age of sail winds and currents determined trade routes and therefore influenced european imperialism and modern political geography. for an outline to the main wind systems see global wind patterns.

pilotage or cabotage, in one sense, is the art of sailing along the coast using known landmarks. navigation, in one sense, is the art of sailing long distances out of sight of land.[1] although the polynesians were able to sail the pacific (with great difficulty) and people regularly sailed north and south across the mediterranean, before the time of columbus nearly all sailing was coastal pilotage

        it is some were in here? ///

d) he bring down boss tweed and tammany hall.