When europeans first came to the new world they would typically sail south and west to canary islands, then west to get to the west indies. on their return they would go north past the leeward islands and canadian maritime provinces before turning east towards europe? why did they choose this circular route?

Because of the generous winds and maritime currents

Explanation:

Sure, it's not the closest route to Europe, but there they had a good concentration of winds, and the Labrador and North Atlantic Currents promoted speed to the vessels.

profound political, administrative, and social changes in the british isles.

biological/genetic factors means they were born or predisposed to have something. nothing can really change it, and you can't really do much to "fix" it. it isn't something learned

these are the biological factors:

adrian is relatively tall and he is on the basketball team

(adrian can't ever stop being tall or force himself to be tall. likely one or both of his parents are tall as well and they passed on the tall gene. he probably does basketball because he is tall)

the rest are environmental/cultural factors. these are things that are taught to us. for example, cynthia wasn't born saving pocket money, her family most likely taught her this (environmental factor)

hope this !