Where were europe’s main medieval trading center

Venice, Genoa, Marseille, Barcelona, Bruges, etc.

Explanation:

Venice became an early trading city, as early as the 10th century, it traded in salt and fish, exchanging them for grain, wine, oil, forest materials and minerals from northern Italy. The Venetians conquered trade on the Adriatic Sea, took over the intermediary trade between Italy and the Balkan Peninsula, connected with the most important trading points of Byzantium.

From the 11th century, Genoa began to rise in the Gulf of Liguria. It trades in the western Mediterranean Sea. Her ships also sail to Syria. By the end of the 11th century, it already had a strong fleet.

Trade is developing in other Italian cities as well. It is traded along the Po River and its tributaries. Pavia becomes an important place where the Alpine roads are acquired, and along with it rise as the trading sites of Cremona, Brescia, Piacenza and Parma.. On the coast of Italy, the main shopping centers were Bari, Brindisi, Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi. Of the Alpine roads, the most important were passing through Saint-Bernard and Brenner. In southern France, important shopping centers were Marseille, Arles and Narbona, and in Spain, Barcelona.

After the Mediterranean area, the Dutch area ranks second in port development. It is an old area of textile production that has worked not only for the local market but also for export.  The development of trade, for its part, influenced the old woolen production of the Dutch countries. Woolen fabrics have become one of the most important items of trade. The Netherlands is covered by a dense network of cities - Bruges, Ypres, Mechel, Aras, Mahstriht, Brussels, Leuven and many more.

In Germany rise the cities that lay on the Rhine, the great road from the south - from Italy, to the north - to Flanders. Most of these cities rise to the site of ancient Roman cities, such as Cologne, Mainz, Worms and Strasbourg. In southern Germany, cities are emerging that maintain trade links with Italy and Slovenian countries along the Danube and its tributaries. Many of these cities, like Regensburg and Augsburg, also originated from ancient Roman cities.

bismarck believed in using force

is the correct answer!

b.   jim crow laws were enacted in northern states.