The purpose of poll taxes in southern states was to

... discourage African Americans from voting.

Poll taxes means you have to pay a tax before allowed to vote.  That's a way of preventing poor persons (like blacks in the South) from voting.

In addition to poll taxes, other measures were also used to block blacks from participating in the voting process. For instance, literacy tests would require persons to pass certain standards of reading and writing in order to qualify for voting.  These tests were aimed at blacks, who had not had access to the same education as whites.

all of the following apply except for (a. excessive credit on real estate resulting in defaulted loans.

in 1819, panic swept the country due,in part, to the rapid expansion of american manufacturing during the war of 1812 and the distress caused by the post-war british competition. the rapid expansion of american farming was another factor.

explanation: