Akey characteristic of a civilization is the specialization of labor. what does this mean?
people are self-sufficient economically.
all people depend on the work of others.
everyone gets to decide what type of work they'd like to do.
every family is in charge of a certain trade.

Option 2: All people depend on the work of others.

Within the formation of larger and more complex societies, people found useful the specialization of labor to enhance productivity, efficiency and quality of the good or service given. With such specialization, a person didn't have to learn how to do every kind of work, and at the same time, it made every individual rely on the work of others so he/she could get what they needed.

For example, in a civilization, the person whose skill consists of merely making shoes, makes her own shoes, however, he/she still needs clothes, and inevitably depends on the work of clothing makers. And the clothing makers need the shoemakers, and so on and so for.

social contract theory basically says that all individuals are born equal, and provided a god given right to consent to be governed. american government is based of this

thomas hobbes and john locke said that we are selfish, individualistic, and constantly at war with each other, therefore we need to be controlled. 

government is defined as the legitimate use of force to control human behavior within territorial boundaries, here comes in hobbes and locke.

hobbes takes the part about controlling human behavior. while locke takes the part of legitimate use of force, since force is not legitimate unless there is consent of the people. 

there are basically 3 goals of the government: 1) maintain order by protecting life and property. 2) providing public goods, those which are typically not provided by the public sector, such as roads and education. 3) promote equality be it political, opportunist or outcome equality.