8. the black death killed nearly 38 million people, resulting in
a. the collapse of the caste system,
b. the collapse of the catholic church,
c. a severe famine.
d, severe economic consequences.

i believe it d) heterogeneous

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

c. pro-democracy demonstrations.