How has the doctrine of implied powers increased the power of congress?
a. it has allowed congress to overrule executive decisions.
b. it allows congress to create laws to carry out its duties.
c. it declares congressional actions “the supreme law of the land.”
d. it has allowed congress the power to declare war.

It determined that Congress had not only the powers expressly conferred upon it by the Constitution but also all authority “appropriate” to carry out such powers.

Explanation:

The doctrine of implied powers has increased the Congress power by B. allowing the Congress in carrying out the duties by creating laws.

The Constitution is limited and does not include all the acts and laws that would at some point in the time be necessary to carry out the administrative work. Hence, the Constitution has granted Congress the power to take decisions that would best suit any unusual administrative situations at any point of time.

The Congress's implied powers are the powers that does not come under the constitution. The power exercised by the implied powers are called “Elastic clause” (though taken in unusual times) which are mostly debated.

the social contract theory

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.