The middle ages reached its intellectual peak and culmination in the philosophy

The Middle Ages reached its intellectual peak and culmination in the philosophy of Renaissance and Enlightenment.

Explanation:

As Europe began to develop, the Renaissance movement began in modern-day Italy, transforming art, culture and traditions of the whole continent. Their was an appreciation of art, bolder ideas and as a means to express oneself.

This directly lead to the age of Enlightenment, which believed in universal ideas of Freedom, Free speech and a separation between the church and the State.

In Europe, major urban centers of London and Berlin saw a surge in such thought which was deemed by many as radical for it's time.

b. native americans them