What is the author describing here? what gave rise to the economic conditions he pictures, and what is his opinion of what was taking place? what does baldwin feel to be the main problem highlighted by these activities? on whom does he place the blame?
• who was the "jupiter tonans of the white house" to whom the author calls attention? what action did this individual take to stop the abuses and what resulted? from the way it was described, what was the author's opinion of the action taken by this jupiter tonans, and, considering what you have read in your text, would the author have been a whig or a democrat? in either case, what element (or branch or faction) of that party does he seem to support? what was the result of the action taken by jupiter tonans?
• historian bray hammond, in his study of american banking, described the jacksonian program as "one of enterpriser against capitalist, of banker against regulation." how does the account by baldwin correspond with hammond's theory? how might it be possible that the jacksonian program both created and ended the situation described here?

the use of email to replace slower surface mail.

athenian democracy developed around the fifth century bc in the greek city-state (known as a polis) of athens, comprising the city of athens and the surrounding territory of attica, and is often described as the first known democracy in the world. other greek cities set up democracies, most following the athenian model, but none are as well documented as athens'.

it was a political system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills. participation was not open to all residents: to vote one had to be an adult, male citizen, i.e., not a foreign resident, a submissive or a woman, and the number of these was "probably no more than 30 percent of the total adult population."[1]

the longest-lasting democratic leader was pericles. after his death, athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the peloponnesian war. it was modified somewhat after it was restored under eucleides; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth-century modification rather than the periclean system. democracy was suppressed by the macedonians in 322 bc. the athenian institutions were later revived, but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable. solon (594 bc), cleisthenes (508/7 bc), and ephialtes (462 bc) contributed to the development of athenian democracy. cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth.

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