Iwill mark brainliest for the first person to answer this correctly!
why was the necessary and proper clause included in the constitution?
to grant the president the power to authorize military force in all cases that he or she deems necessary and proper
to restrict congress from passing laws pertaining to issues that would be better handled by state governments
to give implied powers to congress so the federal government could handle issues and problems that the writers of the constitution could not foresee
to establish the process for judicial review and ensure that the supreme court only hears cases that are necessary and proper

My hand hurts. LOL! Here...

Explanation:

At the Constitutional Convention, the Committee of Detail took the Convention's resolutions on national legislative authority and particularized them into a series of enumerated powers. This originated the principle of enumerated powers, under which federal law can govern only as to matters within the terms of some power-granting clause of the Constitution. By including the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Framers set the criterion for laws that, even if they are not within the terms of other grants, serve to make other federal powers effective.

In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Chief Justice John Marshall noted that other grants of power by themselves "according to the dictates of reason" would "imply" a "means of execution." He went on, however, to declare that the Constitution "has not left the right of Congress to employ the necessary means for the execution of the powers conferred on the Government to general reasoning." For the Chief Justice, the Necessary and Proper Clause makes express a power that otherwise would only have been implied and thus might have been subject to cavil. By implanting the clause among the powers of Congress, the Framers confirmed that Congress may act to make the constitutional plan effective. In his parsing of the words of the clause, he concluded that the Necessary and Proper Clause authorizes laws enacted as means "really calculated to effect any of the objects intrusted to the government." Arguments for laws that lack this crucial means-to-end characteristic find no support in Marshall's opinion or in the Necessary and Proper Clause.

the answer for 3 is b and the answer for 4 is d

the award is named for an american naval historian and theorist, rear admiral alfred thayer mahan, united states navy who, through his writing, provided stimulus and guidance to those who share in the defense of the nation.