Which of the following most directly contributed to the advanced development of both pre columbian american societies described in the excerpt

The correct answer here is the adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit.

Explanation:

The Pre-Columbian America refers to the period and a time frame before the significant influx of European influences on the American continent. These indigenous  people were successful as they adapted to their environment and learned how to use the environment in their favor. They created successful agricultural societies as well as creating major earthworks, which are just some examples of their adaptation.

c. troops marched forward in close formation against newer, more accurate weapons