Explanation:
Question 1
Refer to the text:
“History is filled with the sound of silken slippers going downstairs and wooden shoes coming up.”
Quote attributed to Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher, circa 1740
The view in the excerpt is most strongly reflected in which reform between the Han and Tang dynasties?
A: The military was deemphasized in favor of the tribute system.
B: The civil service examination was open to all males.
C: Higher-status women had more rights.
D: Neo-Confucianism was downplayed in favor of Buddhism.
Question 2
Refer to the text:
“Exclusion of the Portuguese, 16391.
1. The matter relating to the proscription of Christianity is known [to the Portuguese]. However, heretofore they have secretly transported those who are going to propagate that religion.
2. If those who believe in that religion band together in an attempt to do evil things, they must be subjected to punishment.
3. While those who believe in the preaching of padres are in hiding, there are incidents in which that country [Portugal] has sent gifts to them for their sustenance.
In view of the above, hereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming [to Japan], the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded. We have received the above order and are thus transmitting it to you accordingly.”
David John Lu, Japan: A Documentary History, 1997
What is an example of an early effort by a government to sustainably manage natural resources during the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?
A: The Tokugawa Shogunate’s laws to restrict timbering operations
B: The British government’s emissions restrictions to fight air pollution
C: The Ottoman Empire’s efforts to reduce overfishing in the Mediterranean region
D: The United States’ designation of protected lands such as Yellowstone National Park.
Question 3
Refer to the text:
“Chi K’ang asked how to cause the people to reverence their ruler, to be faithful to him, and to go on to nerve themselves to virtue. The Master said, ‘Let him preside over them with gravity; then they will reverence him. Let him be final and kind to all; then they will be faithful to him. Let him advance the good and teach the incompetent; then they will eagerly seek to be virtuous.’”
Excerpt from Confucius’ The Analects, circa 500 B.C.E.
Under Confucianism, all of the following are considered fundamental relationships except for:
A: parent and child
B: husband and wife
C: ruler and subject
D: God and disciple
Question 4
Refer to the map:
All of the following facilitated commercial growth in the years 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. except for:
A: the minting of coins
B: government support of industry
C: the establishment of trade organizations
D: state-sponsored infrastructure projects
Question 5
Refer to the text:
“[Novelist] Amin Maalouf . . . asks the question, ‘Can we go so far as to claim that the Crusades marked the beginning of the rise of Western Europe—which would gradually come to dominate the world—and sounded the death knell of Arab civilization?’
[This is] a conclusion that is perfectly in keeping with the modern popular consensus in both the Middle East and the West. Popular it may be, yet it is nonetheless wrong. Scholars have long argued that the Crusades had no beneficial effect on Europe’s economy. . . . Rather than decadent or ‘assaulted on all sides’ the Muslim world was growing to ever new heights of power and prosperity after the destruction of the crusader states in 1291. . . . Indeed, they are evidence of the decline of the Christian West, which was forced to mount these desperate expeditions to defend against ever expanding Muslim empires.”
Thomas Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades, 2005
In the era of the Crusades, another instance of warfare leading to cultural transfers was:
A: the Columbian Exchange between the Western and Eastern hemispheres
B: introduction of Christian thought to West Africa due to Portuguese and English conquests
C: interchange of ideas and techniques between China and the Muslim world under the Mongol empire
D: spread of Jewish philosophy and ritual to Prussia and Scandinavia during the Baltic Crusades
