How did abul fazal’s book ain-e-akbari james rennel to prepare india’s map?

James Rennell was an expert in marine survey and hydrography, but now he was to conduct land survey and produce maps. How was he to go about it? Fortunately for him Abul Fazl's Ain-e-Akbari, had just been translated. Prepared in the reign of Akbar, it contained a thorough description of the empire and its administrative and revenue units known as subahs, sarkars, parganas, chaklas etc. But their boundaries were not precisely demarcated nor were other prominent geographical features, like rivers and mountains, graphically represented in a map or chart. Distances and areas were estimated roughly and not after accurate measurements according to scientific principles of map making.

these factors helped Renell to prepare indias maps

- "the civil rights movements"

- "following the american civil war and abolition of slavery, the united states entered a period known as reconstruction, during which black americans continued to suffer from disenfranchisement, racial segregation, and economic oppression. beginning in the early 1950's, black americans launched a series of major campaigns of civil resistance, emphasizing the need for nonviolent protests and civil disobedience."

"such as the montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56, a campaign launched by rosa parks against the policy of racial segregation of the public transit system in alabama. “sit-ins” became popular across the american south, particularly in greensboro, north carolina, increase national sentiment."

- "the counterculture movement"

- "counterculture began to develop in the united states following the rise of conformity in american culture during the 1950s. by 1963, youth, particularly those of the white middle class, began rejecting the cultural standards and normality of their parents, opting for progressive attitudes instead. the movement gained momentum as the civil rights movement became increasingly successful and as the u.s. military intervention of vietnam began to take a negative turn."

"hippie counterculture moved further into popular culture following the summer of love in 1967 when thousands of people came together in the haight-ashbury neighborhood of san francisco. along with greenwich village in new york city, haight-ashbury became a hub for the counterculture movement."