Which of the following is not included in the mandatory spending portion of the budget?
a.
medicare
b.
social security
c.
appropriation bills
d.
veterans’ benefits

d. it adversely affected american productivity

`stare decisis is a legal doctrine that obligates courts to follow historical cases when making a ruling on a similar current or future case. stare decisis ensures that cases with identical facts be approached in the same way, unless overruled by the same court or a higher court such as the us supreme court. simply put, it binds courts to follow legal precedents set by previous decisions.

stare decisis is a latin term meaning "to stand by that which is decided".