By the end of the nineteenth century, most of europe's colonies were in the south pacific south america north america asia africa

i think it would be c.

hope i'm correct

explanation:

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".