Russia's leader, czar alexander ll, tried to modernize russian society in the late 19th century. one of his major accomplishments was ending serfdom, a forced-labor system similar to slavery. however, alexander ii was assassinated in 1881, and the czars that followed him reversed many of his reforms. these leaders were so harsh that a group of revolutionaries called the bolsheviks eventually rebelled against them and overthrew the russian government in 1917. which statement best describes the main idea of the passage? o a. efforts to modernize russia in the 19th century failed to protect the country from a revolution. o b. russian leaders were called czars until the russian government was overthrown in 1917. o c. czar alexander ii was responsible for the rise of the bolshevik rebel group in russia. o d. the system of russian serfdom was a forced-labor structure that was similar to slavery.

every of the four river valley civilizations, religion played an enormous role in shaping and cultivating each civilization. this essay will briefly discuss how religion formed the river valley people’s government and view on geography. religion dictated how the peoples of the river valley civilizations managed government and geography.

            religious leaders played prominent roles in every river valley civilizations form of government. from ancient egypt and mesopotamia to china’s historic empire and the indus river valley, all the river valley civilizations had significant religious figures. in ancient egypt, the pharaoh was revered as a god and therefore was given his right as supreme governing authority in the eyes of the people. the elusive emperors of china gained there governing rights by a mandate of heaven creating long lines of dynasties until the common people of china felt the dynasty had lost the favor of the gods. chinese emperors were not only governing leaders but also the spiritual leaders of ancient china. mesopotamian and indus river valley priests were referred as has head officials who had vast amounts of authority in these two civilizations primitive forms of democracy. religion shaped the structure and social caste of the four river valley civilizations.

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