In 1972, nixon became the first us president to

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

civil disobedience, refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of opposition